Guidance Clarifying the Adjudication of Form N-648, Medical Certification
for Disability Exceptions.
America Citizenship > Guidance
Clarifying the Adjudication of Form N-648
Interoffice Memorandum
To: FIELD LEADERSHIP
From: Donald Neufeld /s/
Acting Deputy Associate Director
Domestic Operations Directorate
Date: September 18, 2007
Re: Guidance Clarifying the Adjudication of Form N-648, Medical Certification
for Disability Exceptions
Revisions to Adjudicator’s Field Manual (AFM) Chapters 72.2(d) (AFM Update
AD07-01)
1. Purpose
This memorandum explains and clarifies review standards in the adjudication
of Form N-648 (Medical Certification for Disability Exceptions) under 8 CFR 312
and also revises subchapter 72.2(d)(5) of the Adjudicator’s Field Manual (AFM)
accordingly. In addition, USCIS is revising the next edition of Form N-648 to
detail and clarify eligibility requirements and to facilitate the adjudication
of the form.
2. Background
On May 10, 2006, USCIS issued a memorandum entitled “Adjudication of Form
N-648, Medical Certification for Disability Exceptions to the Immigration and
Nationality Act (INA) Section 312 Naturalization Requirements.” The May 2006
memorandum updated Chapter 72.2(d)(5) of the Adjudicator’s Field Manual (AFM),
which provides guidance regarding adjudication of Form N-648. Naturalization
applicants, who have a medically determinable physical or mental impairment that
renders them unable to demonstrate a proficiency of the English language or
knowledge of U.S. history and government, may submit Form N-648 in order to
establish eligibility for an exception to the English and/or U.S. history and
government requirements.
Since the publication of the May 2006 memorandum, USCIS Headquarters has
received numerous inquiries pertaining to the adjudication of Form N-648. To
address these inquiries, USCIS is issuing the following field guidance.
3. Field Guidance
The adjudicator is directed to comply with the following guidance and
instructions when evaluating Form N-648. Major points of emphasis are
highlighted in this section and further instructions are described in detail in
section 4 of this memorandum.
A. Submission of Form N-648
8 CFR 312.2(b)(2) indicates that Form N-648 must be submitted as an
attachment to the applicant’s Form N-400, Application for Naturalization.
Nevertheless, USCIS has routinely encountered applicants submitting multiple
N-648s at different stages of the N-400 review process when USCIS has not
requested or required the submission of additional N-648s. This practice
generally places an undue administrative burden on the adjudicator and casts
doubt on the applicant’s claim to the disability exception under section 312 of
the Act. Accordingly, the applicant should submit Form N-648 for consideration
at the time the N-400 application is filed. Neither the submission of Form N-648
after the filing of the N-400 nor the submission of multiple Form N-648s is, by
itself, sufficient grounds to reject a request for an exception to the English
and/or U.S. history and government requirements. However, the submission of late
or multiple Form N-648s may raise credible doubts about the veracity of the
medical certifications or justify additional scrutiny to ensure the applicant is
entitled to the exception unless there is evidence of changed facts or
circumstances that would explain the basis for filing multiple forms.
In addition, USCIS reserves the right to require the submission of additional
N-648s, if there are credible doubts as to the veracity of the medical
certification.
B. Appropriate Role of the Adjudicator in Reviewing Form N-648
In reviewing the Form N-648, the adjudicator’s role is to determine whether
the Form N-648 contains sufficient information to establish that the applicant
is eligible for a disability exception under section 312 of the Act. The
adjudicator accordingly should focus on determining whether the medical
professional has established and documented the nature and extent of the
diagnosed medical condition and how the applicant’s diagnosed condition has
impaired functioning so severely that it has rendered the applicant unable to
learn or demonstrate knowledge of English and/or United States history and
government. To this end, the adjudicator must ensure that the Form N-648
contains:
An explanation of the origin, nature, and extent of the medical condition
which is established and documented by medically acceptable clinical or
laboratory diagnostic techniques, including a list of the medically acceptable
clinical or laboratory diagnostic tests employed in reaching the diagnosis.An
explanation of how the applicant’s diagnosed medical condition or impairment so
severely affects the applicant that it renders him/her unable to learn or
demonstrate English proficiency and/or knowledge of United States history and
government;
- An attestation that the disability has lasted, or is expected to last,
12 months or longer; and
- An attestation that the disability is not the direct effect of the
illegal use of drugs.
C. Making Medical Determinations
The adjudicator is not a physician and should not be placed in the position
of making a medical determination. Hence, the adjudicator should not engage in
medical determination practices reserved for and performed by a licensed medical
professional.
D. Questioning the Veracity of the Medical Determination
As mentioned in previous guidance, the adjudicator should assume that the
medical professional’s diagnosis is valid in the absence of credible doubt. As a
general rule, USCIS does not want an applicant with a disability to submit
extensive medical reports or medical background information regarding the
applicant’s condition.
E. Procedures for Cases of Suspected Fraud
The adjudicator should not presume the existence of fraud merely based on the
number of applicants who seek a medical examination from a particular medical
professional. Because applicants of an immigrant community commonly seek the
care and services of medical professionals who share the same language, culture,
ethnicity, and/or nationality, this practice is not, in and of itself, an
indication of fraud.
If the adjudicator has reason to suspect fraud, the adjudicator should
consult with the Office of Fraud Detection and National Security (FDNS)
according to the current fraud referral policy. All referrals to FDNS should be
based on fraud indicators that can be articulated.
In the event that FDNS is unable to provide a final response within a period
of 120 days from the date of the initial interview, the adjudicator should
proceed with the adjudication of the application.
F. Explain the Reasons for N-400 Denial Decisions Based on the Deficiency
of an N-648
Every denial that is based in whole or in part on credible doubts about or
the deficiencies of an N-648 must explain the reasons why the credible doubts
and deficiencies are preponderant over favorable medical evidence submitted on
behalf of the applicant. Merely stating that the applicant has failed to meet
the requirements for the waiver is insufficient.
G. Maintain a Local Field Office Point-of-Contact (POC)
Finally, to facilitate communication with USCIS external customers and
stakeholders, each district or field office should maintain a point-of-contact (POC)
for the N-648 program. Such POC should be an adjudicator with expert knowledge
of N-648 adjudications or a supervisory adjudications officer who is responsible
for administration of the N-648 program within the district or field office. The
POC will be responsible for overseeing N-648 training and quality assurance
within the district or field office and conducting liaison with community-based
organizations, medical associations, and medical professionals interested in the
N-648 process.
If the adjudicator has credible doubts about the veracity of the medical
certification, the adjudicator should seek supervisory guidance and approval as
a general practice before requesting the applicant’s medical records.
Furthermore, the adjudicator is encouraged to consult with the N-648 supervisory
adjudications officer or POC, as needed, before requiring the applicant to
complete a supplemental disability determination.
4. Adjudicator’s Field Manual (AFM) Update
The Adjudicator’s Field Manual (AFM) is updated accordingly, and subchapter
72.2(d)(5) of the AFM is revised as follows:
(5) Adjudication Guidelines for the Form N-648 Waiver
(A) Submission and Validity of the Form N-648
8 CFR 312.2(b)(2) indicates that Form N-648 must be submitted as an
attachment to the applicant’s Form N-400, Application for Naturalization.
Notwithstanding, USCIS routinely encounters instances where USCIS has not
required the submission of more than one Form N-648 and yet the N-400 applicant
submits multiple Form N-648s upon and after initially filing his or her N-400.
This practice can cast doubt on the credibility of the applicant’s claim to the
disability exception, especially if the adjudicator discovers discrepancies
between and among the N-648s. The submission of Form N-648 after the filing of
the Form N-400 or the submission of multiple Form N-648s is not, by itself,
sufficient grounds to reject a request for an exception to the English and/or
U.S. history and government requirements. However, the submission of late or
multiple Form N-648s may be considered in determining whether there are credible
doubts about the veracity of the medical certification or justify additional
scrutiny to ensure the applicant is entitled to the exception unless there is
evidence of changed facts or circumstances that would explain the basis for
filing multiple forms. In addition, USCIS reserves the right to require the
submission of additional N-648s, if there are credible doubts about the veracity
of the medical certification.
A properly submitted Form N-648 will remain valid indefinitely unless the
adjudicator determines that the N-400 applicant doesn’t qualify for the
exemption.
(B) Successful Completion of English Proficiency and/or U.S. History and
Government Test(s) during the N-648 Review Process
If an applicant submits to or the adjudicator administers the English
proficiency and/or U.S. history and government test(s) at any time during the
N-648 review process and the applicant passes such test(s), then the applicant
will have satisfied the requirements of section 312 of the Act. In this
instance, the adjudicator should indicate in the record of proceeding that the
applicant has passed the required test(s) and that the N-648 is no longer
required.
(C) Medical Professionals Authorized to Complete the Form N-648
(1) General. Under 8 CFR 312.2, the following medical professionals who are
licensed to practice in the United States (including Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Virgin Islands) are eligible to sign a Form N-648 diagnosis and medical opinion
on behalf of an applicant: 1) medical doctors, 2) doctors of osteopathy, and 3)
clinical psychologists. The medical professional must certify under penalty of
perjury that his or her statements are true and correct and agree to the release
of all pertinent medical records upon consent of the applicant and as requested
by USCIS.
(2) Role of the Medical Professional. The medical professional completing the
N-648 must have general experience in the area of the applicant's disability and
must be qualified to diagnose the applicant's disability and/or impairment(s). A
doctor who is a general practitioner and not a specialist may complete the form
if his or her experience or other qualifications permit him or her to make the
disability and/or impairment(s) assessment. The medical professional must also
be able to attest to the origin, nature, and extent of the medical condition and
explain how the medical condition affects the applicant’s ability to demonstrate
English proficiency and/or knowledge of U.S. history and government. In
particular, the medical professional should establish and certify the
applicant’s diagnosis, explaining in plain English and layman’s terms how the
medical professional diagnosed the anatomical, physiological, or psychological
impairment and explaining how the diagnosed condition affects the applicant’s
ability to learn or demonstrate English proficiency and/or knowledge of U.S.
history and government. The medical professional should also cite the medically
acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic tests or other diagnostic methods
used and the results and conclusions drawn from these diagnostic tests which
assisted the medical professional in reaching the definitive diagnosis.
(D) Role of the Adjudicator in Reviewing Form N-648
(1) Primary Focus of the Adjudicator. The adjudicator is responsible for
determining whether the applicant meets the requirements of Section 312 of the
Immigration and Nationality Act. In reviewing the Form N-648, the adjudicator’s
role is to determine whether the Form N-648 contains sufficient information to
establish that the applicant is eligible for a disability exception. Therefore,
the adjudicator should focus on determining whether the medical professional has
established and documented the nature and extent of the diagnosed medical
condition and how the applicant’s diagnosed condition has impaired functioning
so severely that it has rendered applicant unable to learn or demonstrate
knowledge of English and/or United States history and government.
To this end, the adjudicator must ensure that the Form N-648 contains:
- An explanation of the origin, nature, and extent of the medical
condition which is established and documented by medically acceptable
clinical or laboratory diagnostic techniques, including a list of the
medically acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic tests used in
diagnosing the condition.
- An explanation of how the applicant’s diagnosed medical condition or
impairment so severely affects the applicant that it renders him/her unable
to learn or demonstrate knowledge of English and/or United States history
and government.
- An attestation that the disability has lasted, or is expected to last,
12 months or longer; and
- An attestation that the disability is not the direct effect of the
illegal use of drugs.
(2) Making Medical Determinations. The adjudicator is not a physician and
should not be placed in the position of making a medical determination.
Accordingly, the adjudicator should not:
- Require or recommend that an applicant complete specific medical,
clinical, or laboratory diagnostic techniques, tests, or methods;
- Develop and substitute his or her own diagnosis of the applicant’s
medical condition in lieu of the medical professional’s diagnosis;
- Use questionnaires or tests to challenge each applicant’s diagnosed
medical condition as a routine practice; and
- Request or require an applicant’s medical records solely to question
whether there was a proper basis for the medical professional’s diagnosis.
(3) Questioning the Veracity of the Medical Certification. The adjudicator
should assume that the medical professional’s diagnosis is unless there is
credible doubt about the veracity of the medical certification. As a general
rule, USCIS does not want an applicant with a disability to submit extensive
medical reports or medical background information regarding the applicant’s
condition.
Notwithstanding, credible doubts may arise when the adjudicator establishes
or has reason to believe that:
- The medical professional completing the Form N-648 is under
investigation by FDNS, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or other law
enforcement agency, or a state medical board;
- The medical professional has a pattern of submitting Form N-648 with
similar or “boiler plate” language that does not appear to reflect a
case-specific analysis;
- Form N-648 was submitted more than six (6) months after it was completed
by the medical professional;
- Form N-648 was completed by someone other than the certifying medical
professional;
- Evidence in the record or other credible information available to the
adjudicator indicates fraud or willful misrepresentation;
- The medical professional failed to conduct a personal examination of the
applicant in the course of diagnosing the applicant’s medical condition; or
- The medical professional neglected to conduct specific medical,
clinical, or laboratory diagnostic techniques that are considered standard
methods in diagnosing the applicant’s medical condition.
If the adjudicator finds or has reason to believe the medical determination
is suspect at the time of the naturalization interview, the adjudicator may
question the applicant about the facts pertaining to the applicant’s medical
care, job duties, community and civic affairs, and/or other daily living
activities. In particular, the adjudicator’s line of inquiry should focus on
eliciting facts about the applicant’s activities and conduct, which may reveal
the applicant’s functional capacity or inability to demonstrate English
proficiency and/or knowledge of U.S. history and government. If the applicant’s
conduct and responses are inconsistent with the description of the applicant’s
diagnosed condition as described on the Form N-648 and other supporting
documentation, the adjudicator may have a justifiable basis for doubting the
authenticity of the medical determination.
If the adjudicator has credible doubts about the veracity of the medical
certification, the adjudicator should refer to (E)(5)(c) below for guidance on
requesting medical records and requiring a supplemental disability
determination.
(4) Maintaining a Point-of-Contact (POC) for N-648 Process. To facilitate
communication with USCIS external customers and stakeholders, each district or
field office should maintain a point-of-contact (POC) for the N-648 program.
Such POC may be an adjudicator with expert knowledge of N-648 adjudications or a
supervisory adjudications officer who is responsible for administration of the
N-648 program within the district or field office. The POC will be responsible
for overseeing N-648 training and quality assurance within the district or field
office and conducting liaison with community-based organizations, medical
associations, and medical professionals interested in the N-648 process.
(E) Review of Form N-648
(1) Completion of Form N-648. An adjudicator must first review the Form N-648
to ensure that it is properly completed.
(2) Nexus between Medical Impairment and Applicant’s Ability to Learn or
Demonstrate English Proficiency and/or Knowledge of United States history and
government. The adjudicator must evaluate each Form N-648 individually and
determine, based on all the information, whether the applicant has proven by
preponderance of evidence that the anatomical, physiological, or psychological
abnormality described has so severely impaired the applicant’s functioning that
the applicant is unable to demonstrate English proficiency and/or knowledge of
U.S. history and government. Consequently, the adjudicator should focus on
determining whether the medical professional has established the connection
between the nature and extent of the diagnosed medical condition and the
applicant’s inability to demonstrate English proficiency and/or knowledge of
U.S. history and government. Accordingly, Form N-648 must include a sufficiently
thorough explanation in plain English and layman’s terms of (a) how the medical
professional diagnosed the disability or impairment, and (b) how the diagnosed
disability or impairment renders the applicant unable to demonstrate English
proficiency and/or knowledge of U.S. history and government.
The adjudicative standards used to evaluate disability exceptions under
section 312 of the Act apply to any mental impairments cited on Form N-648.
Advanced aging, in and of itself, is not a medically determinable physical or
developmental disability or mental impairment. The diagnosed mental disability
must result in an impairment of functioning so severe that the applicant is
unable to learn or demonstrate English proficiency and/or knowledge of U.S.
history and government.
(3) Medical, Clinical, or Laboratory Diagnostic Techniques. There are no key
words, phrases, or a specific test that will, by itself, demonstrate a
sufficient nexus between the applicant’s medical impairment and the applicant’s
ability to learn or demonstrate English proficiency or knowledge or U.S. history
and government. Likewise, there are no lists of conditions, symptoms, or
complications that will always be caused by or linked to certain disabilities or
impairments. The medical professional, however, should include a list of all
medically acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic techniques or other
diagnostic methods and the results and conclusions of these diagnostic tests
which assisted the medical professional in determining and concluding that the
applicant has a disability that so severely renders him/her unable to learn or
unable to demonstrate English proficiency and/or knowledge of U.S. history and
government.
(4) Consideration of Federal Agency Reports and Determinations. The
adjudicator should consider any authoritative federal agency report or
determination in the applicant’s record file that addresses the applicant’s
diagnosed medical condition. To illustrate, if the Social Security
Administration has granted the applicant a disability benefit based on the
applicant’s diagnosed medical condition, then such determination may validate
the medical professional’s diagnosis. Likewise, if a Department of State’s
report of the applicant’s medical condition is consistent with the medical
professional’s diagnosis, then such report may authenticate the applicant’s
diagnosed condition.
(5) Issuance of Form N-14 to Address the Deficiencies of the N-648.
(a) Discontinued Use of N-648B, Notice of Incomplete N-648 Medical Certification
For Disability Exception. The adjudicator should use Form N-14 in lieu of the
N-648B to address deficiencies in the N-648. Use of the N-648B is hereby
discontinued.
(b) Clarification of the Medical Professional’s Assessment. If the medical
professional’s assessment is unclear and/or if an applicant’s request for a
disability exception is otherwise deemed to be insufficient, the adjudicator
must request additional information to clarify the assessment and address any
deficiencies. Such request may include asking the medical professional to
explain the medical, clinical, or laboratory diagnostic techniques used to
diagnose the applicant’s medical condition, to explain the applicant’s medical
condition in plain English and layman’s terms, and/or to explain how the
applicant’s diagnosed condition renders the applicant unable to demonstrate
English proficiency or knowledge of U.S. history and government.
In the case of minor deficiencies to the N-648, the adjudicator may request
additional information without requiring the applicant to submit a new N-648. In
the case of major deficiencies, the adjudicator may require the applicant to
submit a new N-648. The burden is on the applicant to obtain the information
from the medical professional who completed the N-648.
(c) Request for Medical Records and Requirement of Supplemental Disability
Determination. USCIS has the authority to request the release of the applicant’s
medical records if there is credible doubt as to the veracity of the medical
certification. The adjudicator may only request and review medical records to
determine the veracity of the certifying medical professional’s claims on the
Form N-648 regarding how the medical professional reached the diagnosis, which
may include verifying the completion and results of any medically acceptable
clinical or laboratory diagnostic techniques used to diagnose the impairment. As
noted above, the adjudicator may not request medical records solely to question
whether there was a proper medical basis for the noted impairment.
USCIS also reserves the right to refer the applicant to another authorized
medical professional, at the applicant’s expense, when USCIS has credible doubts
about the veracity of the medical certification. See 8 CFR 312.2(b)(2).
If the adjudicator has credible doubts about the veracity of the medical
certification, the adjudicator should seek supervisory guidance and approval as
a general practice before requesting the applicant’s medical records.
Furthermore, the adjudicator is encouraged to consult with the N-648 supervisory
adjudications officer or POC, as needed, before requiring the applicant to
complete a supplemental disability determination.
If an applicant is required to complete a supplementary disability
determination, each district or field office must provide the applicant with the
contact information of the appropriate state medical board, which maintains a
list of licensed and boardcertified medical professionals in the appropriate
specialty area, such as psychiatrist, neurologist, or psychologist. See Appendix
72-13 Attachment A and Appendix 72-13 Attachment B.
(6) Examination. Under 8 CFR 312.5, an applicant should receive two
opportunities to meet the requirements of section 312 of the Act. If the
adjudicator finds that the Form N-648 is insufficient to establish eligibility
for an exception from the English and/or U.S. history and government
requirements for naturalization, the adjudicator must give the applicant a
choice to either proceed with testing or to be rescheduled for re-examination.
The adjudicator must explain to the applicant that rescheduling the examination
will constitute a refusal to submit to testing, which is considered the
equivalent of failing the test for purposes of the two opportunities under 8 CFR
312.5. If the applicant refuses to submit to testing, the adjudicator must note
on the application, “Applicant refused testing.” This notation will help to
ensure that the applicant is only scheduled for one additional chance to meet
the requirements of section 312.
If an applicant fails the test or chooses to reschedule, the adjudicator must
issue a Form N-14, which must include a detailed explanation of the deficiencies
and inconsistencies in the Form N-648 and, if appropriate, request the applicant
to obtain another evaluation from an authorized medical specialist for a
supplemental determination. The adjudicator must schedule the applicant for
re-examination within 45 days of responding to the N-14 or filing the new N-648.
If the applicant fails to submit the new N-648, then the adjudicator should
proceed with the adjudication based on the N-648 form contained in the
applicant’s record file.
(7) Denial of N-400. If upon re-examination, the adjudicator determines that
an applicant is not eligible for a disability exception and the applicant fails
to pass the English and/or U.S. history and government tests, the Form N-400
must be denied. The merits and deficiencies of the Form N-648 may be reviewed in
the context of a hearing on the denial of the Form N- 400 under section 336 of
the Act. An applicant may submit additional documentation for review at the 336
hearing.
Every denial that is based in whole or in part on credible doubts about or
deficiencies of an N-648 or its supporting certification must explain the
reasons why the credible doubts and deficiencies outweigh any favorable medical
evidence submitted on the applicant’s behalf. Merely stating that the applicant
has failed to meet the requirements for the waiver is insufficient. See 8 CFR
316.14(b)(1) and 8 CFR 336.1(b).
(F) Procedures for Cases of Suspected Fraud
Because applicants of an immigrant community commonly seek the care and
services of medical professionals who share the same language, culture,
ethnicity, and/or nationality, this practice is not, in and of itself, an
indication of fraud. If the adjudicator has reason to suspect fraud, the
adjudicator should consult with the Office of Fraud Detection and National
Security (FDNS) according to the current fraud referral policy. All referrals to
FDNS should be based on fraud indicators that can be articulated.
After conferring with FDNS and consulting with the appropriate N-648
supervisory adjudications officer or POC, if appropriate, the adjudicator may
issue a Form N-14 to the applicant, requiring the applicant to obtain another
medical evaluation from an authorized medical professional for a supplemental
disability determination. A new Form N-648 must then be completed and filed, and
the applicant must be scheduled for re-examination within 45 days of filing the
new Form N-648.
If Form N-14 is issued for the purpose of obtaining another medical
evaluation for supplemental disability determination, the adjudicator must
include the contact information for the specific state medical association and
category of specialized medical professional that the applicant should contact
in order to complete the new Form N-648. The information for the state medical
associations and the categories of specialized medical professionals are
attached in Appendix 72-13 Attachment A and Appendix 72-13 Attachment B. An
applicant’s failure to appear at the re-examination or failure to submit a new
Form N-648 may result in denial of the Form N-400.
In the event that FDNS is unable to provide a final response within a period
of 120 days from the date of the initial interview, the adjudicator should
proceed with the adjudication of the application.
(G) Reasonable Accommodations and Modifications under the Rehabilitation
Act
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(H) Procedures for Waiver of the Oath of Allegiance
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In addition, current subchapter 72.2(d)(6), “N-648B: Notice of Incomplete
Medical Certification for Disability Exception,” is deleted and subchapters
72.2(d)(7) through (d)(10) are renumbered accordingly as follows:
(6) Notice to Appear, Order to Show Cause, and Removal Order
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(7) Fingerprint Rap Sheets
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(8) N–650 or N-650A: N–400 Clerical Processing Worksheet
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(9) N-650B: N–400 Adjudication Processing Worksheet
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